The most common relative pronouns are who/whom, whoever/whomever, whose, that, and which.
(Please note that in certain situations, "what," "when," and "where"
can function as relative pronouns.) Relative pronouns introduce relative
clauses, which are a type of dependent clause. Relative clauses modify a
word, phrase, or idea in the main clause. The word, phrase, or idea
modified is called the antecedent. In the following examples, that and whom modify the subject:
The house that Jack built is large.
The professor, whom I respect, recently received tenure.
The type of clause determines what kind of relative pronoun to use. Generally, there are two types of relative clauses: restrictive (defining) clause and non-restrictive (non-defining)
clause. In both types of clauses, the relative pronoun can function as a
subject, an object, or a possessive pronoun ("whose").The professor, whom I respect, recently received tenure.
Relative Pronouns in Restrictive Relative Clauses
Relative pronouns that introduce a restrictive relative clause ARE NOT separated from the main clause by a comma. Restrictive relative clauses (also known as defining relative clauses) add essential information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly and cannot be omitted. In other words, without the restrictive relative clause, the sentence does not make sense.The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses:
| Function in the sentence |
Reference to | ||||
| People | Things / concepts | Place | Time | Explanation | |
| Subject | who, that | which, that | |||
| Object | (that, who, whom)* | (which, that)* | where | when | what/why |
| Possessive | whose | whose, of which | |||
Examples
Relative pronouns used as a subject of a restrictive relative clause:
This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.
It took me a while to get used to people who eat popcorn during the movie.
Relative pronouns used as an object in a restrictive relative clause:It took me a while to get used to people who eat popcorn during the movie.
1) As can be seen from the table, referring to a person or thing, the relative pronoun may be omitted in the object position, but formal English includes the relative pronoun. When the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, which is used instead of that, for example, "in which," "for which," "about which," "through which," etc. (please see the third example below):
Formal English: This is the man to whom I wanted to speak and whose name I had forgotten.
Informal English: This is the man (whom/that) I wanted to speak to and whose name I'd forgotten.
Formal English: The library did not have the book that I wanted.
Informal English: The library didn't have the book I wanted.
Formal English: This is the house where/in which I lived when I first came to the US.
Informal English: This is the house I lived in when I first came to the US.
2) In American English, whom is not used very often. "Whom" is more formal than "who" and is very often omitted while speaking:Informal English: This is the man (whom/that) I wanted to speak to and whose name I'd forgotten.
Formal English: The library did not have the book that I wanted.
Informal English: The library didn't have the book I wanted.
Formal English: This is the house where/in which I lived when I first came to the US.
Informal English: This is the house I lived in when I first came to the US.
Grammatically Correct: The woman to whom you have just spoken is my teacher.
Conversational Use: The woman you have just spoken to is my teacher.
OR
The woman who you have just spoken to is my teacher.
However, "whom" may not be omitted if preceded by a preposition
because the relative pronoun functions as the object of the preposition:OR
The woman who you have just spoken to is my teacher.
The visitor for whom you were waiting has arrived.
Relative pronouns used as a possessive in a restrictive relative clause:Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun in English. The antecedent of "whose" can be both people and things:
The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a complimentary suite in a hotel.
The book whose author won a Pulitzer has become a bestseller.
The book whose author won a Pulitzer has become a bestseller.
Relative Pronouns in Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses
Although similar in use, relative pronouns that introduce a non-restrictive relative clauses ARE separated from the main clause by a comma (in most instances). Typically, which is the preferred relative pronoun for indicating that a relative clause is non-restrictive. Non-restrictive relative clauses (also known as non-defining relative clauses) provide non-essential information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is not crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly and can be omitted without affecting the sentence's meaning. In other words, non-restrictive relative clauses are an aside that add extra information.Examples
Relative pronouns used as a subject of a non-restrictive relative clause:
The science fair, which lasted all day, ended with an awards ceremony.
The movie turned out to be a blockbuster hit, which came as a surprise to critics.
Relative pronouns used as an object in a non-restrictive relative clause:The movie turned out to be a blockbuster hit, which came as a surprise to critics.
The sculpture, which he admired, was moved into the basement of the museum to make room for a new exhibit.
The theater, in which the play debuted, housed 300 people.
The theater, in which the play debuted, housed 300 people.
"That" vs. "Who" and "Which"
The relative pronoun that can only be used in restrictive clauses. It can also be substituted for who (referring to persons) or which (referring to things) in informal English. Whereas that is often used while speaking, who and which are more common in formal written English.
Conversationl, Informal: William Kellogg was the man that lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children.
Written, Formal: William Kellogg was the man who lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children.
Written, Formal: William Kellogg was the man who lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children.
Conversational, Informal: The café that sells the best coffee in town has recently been closed.
Written, Formal: The café, which sells the best coffee in town, has recently been closed.
Written, Formal: The café, which sells the best coffee in town, has recently been closed.
Some Special Uses of Relative Pronouns in Restrictive Clauses
that / whoWhen referring to people, both that and who can be used in informal language. "That" may be used to refer to the characteristics or abilities of an individual or a group of people:
He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.
I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to Chicago.
However, when speaking about a particular person in formal language, who is preferred:I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to Chicago.
The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.
The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party.
that / whichThe girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party.
There are several cases when that is more appropriate than which:
1) After the pronouns "all," "any(thing)," "every(thing)," "few," "little," "many," "much," "no(thing)," "none," "some(thing)":
The police usually ask for every detail that helps identify the missing person.
Dessert is all that he wants.
2) After the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree:Dessert is all that he wants.
This is the best resource that I have ever read!